Sources

Widmark, E.M.P. (1932). Die theoretischen Grundlagen und die praktische Verwendbarkeit der gerichtlich-medizinischen Alkoholbestimmung. Urban & Schwarzenberg.

↳ Original Widmark model and r-factor values (male 0.68, female 0.55).

Norberg, Å., Jones, A.W., Hahn, R.G., & Gabrielsson, J.L. (2003). Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(1).

↳ Population r-factor distribution, elimination rate variability (β = 0.10–0.20 g/L/h).

Jones, A.W., & Andersson, L. (1996). Influence of age, gender and blood-alcohol concentration on the disappearance rate of alcohol from blood in drinking drivers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(6).

↳ Mean elimination rate β = 0.15 g/L/h, population range.

Dubowski, K.M. (1985). Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol: Highway safety aspects. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement 10.

↳ Absorption rate constants and first-order absorption model.

European Transport Safety Council (ETSC). Drink Driving Limits across Europe. etsc.eu

↳ Legal BAC limits for NL, DE, BE, FR.

de la Torre, R., Farré, M., Ortuño, J., et al. (2000). Non-linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA in humans. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 49(2).

↳ CYP2D6 autoinhibition, non-linear kinetics, mean t½ ~8h, Vd ~500L.

Kolbrich, E.A., Goodwin, R.S., Gorelick, D.A., et al. (2008). Plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine after controlled oral administration to young adults. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 30(3).

↳ ka, Tmax ~2h, Cmax values, F ~75%.

Pizarro, N., Farré, M., Pujadas, M., et al. (2004). Stereochemical analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its main metabolites in human samples. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 26(3).

↳ Metabolite profiles, elimination kinetics.

Hysek, C.M., Simmler, L.D., Nicola, V.G., et al. (2012). Duloxetine inhibits effects of MDMA ("ecstasy") in vitro and in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 92(3).

↳ Serotonin syndrome risk with combined serotonergic drugs.

European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). (2024). MDMA — drug profile and situation in Europe. euda.europa.eu

↳ MDMA tablet strength distribution, adulteration rates, European market data.

Huestis, M.A., Henningfield, J.E., & Cone, E.J. (1992). Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 16(5).

↳ Smoked THC absorption kinetics, Tmax ~10 min, bioavailability 10–35%.

Huestis, M.A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8).

↳ Comprehensive review: Vd ~350L, t½ distribution, oral vs smoked comparison, 11-OH-THC active metabolite.

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4).

↳ Oral bioavailability 4–20%, food effect on absorption, ke values.

Newmeyer, M.N., Swortwood, M.J., Barnes, A.J., et al. (2016). Free and glucuronide whole blood cannabinoids pharmacokinetics after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. Clinical Chemistry, 62(12).

↳ Route comparison, plasma vs blood THC concentrations, driving-relevant concentrations.

European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). (2024). Cannabis drug profile. euda.europa.eu

↳ European legal limits, prevalence data, potency trends.

Wilkinson, P., Van Dyke, C., Jatlow, P., et al. (1980). Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 27(3).

↳ Intranasal bioavailability ~60%, Tmax 15–30 min, t½ ~1h.

Jeffcoat, A.R., Perez-Reyes, M., Hill, J.M., et al. (1989). Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 17(2).

↳ Route comparison, intranasal PK parameters, ka estimation.

Jufer, R.A., Wstadik, A., Walsh, S.L., et al. (2000). Elimination of cocaine and metabolites in plasma, saliva, and urine following repeated oral administration to human volunteers. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 24(7).

↳ Elimination kinetics, ke ~0.55 h⁻¹, Vd ~2 L/kg.

Harris, D.S., Everhart, E.T., Mendelson, J., & Jones, R.T. (2003). The pharmacology of cocaethylene in humans following cocaine and ethanol administration. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72(2).

↳ Cocaethylene formation kinetics, t½ ~5h, cardiovascular toxicity data.

Larocque, A., & Hoffman, R.S. (2012). Levamisole in cocaine: unexpected news from an old acquaintance. Clinical Toxicology, 50(4).

↳ Levamisole as cocaine adulterant, agranulocytosis risk, European prevalence.

Correlation–European Harm Reduction Network. (2024). Drug Checking in Europe: trends and data. correlation-net.org

↳ Most common adulterants in European cocaine samples.

Cruickshank, C.C., & Dyer, K.R. (2009). A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction, 104(7).

↳ Methamphetamine PK parameters: t½ ~10h, Vd ~3.7 L/kg, F ~67%, CNS potency vs amphetamine.

Schepers, R.J., Oyler, J.M., Joseph, R.E., et al. (2003). Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration. Clinical Chemistry, 49(1).

↳ Comparative oral PK, Tmax values, plasma concentration-time profiles.

Beckett, A.H., & Rowland, M. (1965). Urinary excretion kinetics of amphetamine in man. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 17(10).

↳ pH-dependent elimination — acidic urine increases elimination rate ~50%. Basis for vitamin C harm reduction strategy.

Poklis, A. (1995). Amphetamine/methamphetamine: a review of their actions, toxicology, and disposition. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 17(5).

↳ Elimination pH-dependence, clinical toxicology, urinary pH effect on t½.

Yanagihara, Y., Ohtani, M., Kariya, S., et al. (2003). Plasma concentration profiles of ketamine and norketamine after administration of various ketamine preparations to healthy Japanese volunteers. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, 24(1).

↳ Intranasal PK parameters, Tmax, t½, Vd for intranasal ketamine.

Clements, J.A., Nimmo, W.S., & Grant, I.S. (1982). Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(5).

↳ Bioavailability estimates, 2-compartment model parameters, clearance.

Mion, G., & Villevieille, T. (2013). Ketamine pharmacology: an update (pharmacodynamics and molecular aspects, recent findings). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 19(6).

↳ Dissociation threshold concentrations, S-ketamine vs racemic, NMDA receptor mechanism.

Morgan, C.J.A., & Curran, H.V. (2012). Ketamine use: a review. Addiction, 107(1).

↳ Bladder toxicity with chronic use, recreational use patterns, harm reduction context.

Malinovsky, J.M., Servin, F., Cozian, A., et al. (1996). Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 77(2).

↳ Intranasal bioavailability and absorption rate data.

Archer, J.R.H., Dargan, P.I., Hudson, S., & Wood, D.M. (2014). Analysis of anonymous pooled urine from portable urinals in central London confirms the significant use of novel psychoactive substances. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 107(3).

↳ Mephedrone prevalence and use patterns in recreational settings.

European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). (2024). New psychoactive substances — cathinones overview. euda.europa.eu

↳ European cathinone market data, prevalence, recorded harms.

Trimbos Instituut. (2025). Nationale Drug Monitor — Jaarbericht. trimbos.nl

↳ Dutch drug market data; 3-MMC purity and prevalence in the Netherlands; note on market labelling accuracy.

Correlation–European Harm Reduction Network. (2024). Drug Checking in Europe: trends and data. correlation-net.org

↳ Cathinone mislabelling rates, compound identification from drug checking services.

TripSit Drug Combinations Chart. (2024). tripsit.me

↳ Primary reference for recreational drug combination severity classifications.

Boyer, E.W., & Shannon, M. (2005). The serotonin syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(11).

↳ Serotonin syndrome criteria used for MDMA + SSRI and MAOI interaction severity.

Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. (2017). Metabolism and metabolomics of opiates: a long way of forensic implications to unravel. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 44.

↳ Opioid–benzodiazepine combination respiratory depression mechanism.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ Foundation for all PK concepts explained in the guide: Cmax, Tmax, t½, AUC, first-pass, steady state.

Shargel, L., Wu-Pong, S., & Yu, A.B.C. (2012). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ Bioavailability definitions and absorption concepts referenced in the guide.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ All ADME equations: hepatic extraction ratio, well-stirred model CLH formula, Vd equation, CLR formula.

Brunton, L.L., Knollmann, B.C., & Hilal-Dandan, R. (Eds.). (2022). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ P-glycoprotein efflux, gut-wall CYP3A4, BBB structure and CNS penetration criteria, EHC mechanism.

Shargel, L., Wu-Pong, S., & Yu, A.B.C. (2012). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ pH-partition hypothesis, BCS classification, Noyes-Whitney dissolution, oral bioavailability components F = Fabs × Fgut × Fliver.

Hitchcock, S.A., & Pennington, L.D. (2006). Structure-brain exposure relationships. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 49(26).

↳ BBB CNS drug rules of thumb: MW, logP, H-bond donor criteria.

Roberts, M.S., Magnusson, B.M., Burczynski, F.J., & Weiss, M. (2002). Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 41(10).

↳ EHC mechanism, second plasma peaks, antibiotic interruption of EHC cycle, clinical examples.

Hansen, S.H., Pedersen-Bjergaard, S., & Rasmussen, K.E. (2012). Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemical Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell.

↳ Primary course textbook at Leiden BFW. All technique parameters, applications, and pharma examples.

Snyder, L.R., Kirkland, J.J., & Glajch, J.L. (2012). Practical HPLC Method Development (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.

↳ RP-HPLC mobile phase selection, column choice, gradient design, ion-pair reagents for charged drugs.

Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J., & Crouch, S.R. (2018). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.

↳ GC detector characteristics (FID, ECD, MS), CE separation principles, SEC theory and calibration.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Guidance for Industry: Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System.

↳ BCS biowaiver criteria: ≥85% dissolution in 30 minutes.

McLafferty, F.W., & Tureček, F. (1993). Interpretation of Mass Spectra (4th ed.). University Science Books.

↳ EI fragmentation rules, McLafferty rearrangement, nitrogen rule, neutral loss patterns used in the fragmentation library.

Gross, J.H. (2017). Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook (3rd ed.). Springer.

↳ ESI adduct formation ([M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M+2H]2+), ionisation mechanisms, accurate mass calculation.

Kebarle, P., & Verkerk, U.H. (2009). Electrospray: from ions in solution to ions in the gas phase. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 28(6).

↳ ESI mechanism and adduct ion formation under different solvent/pH conditions.

Clayden, J., Greeves, N., & Warren, S. (2012). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

↳ pKa values and reasoning for all functional groups: resonance and inductive effect explanations. Primary course textbook at Leiden BFW.

Shargel, L., Wu-Pong, S., & Yu, A.B.C. (2012). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pH-partition hypothesis, urine trapping clinical applications.

Manallack, D.T. (2007). The pKa distribution of drugs: application to drug discovery. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, 1.

↳ pKa distribution of marketed drugs, ionisation at physiological pH, logD vs logP context.

Noyes, A.A., & Whitney, W.R. (1897). The rate of solution of solid substances in their own solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 19(12).

↳ Original Noyes-Whitney equation: dC/dt = (D·A·Cs)/(h·V). Foundation of dissolution modelling.

Amidon, G.L., Lennernäs, H., Shah, V.P., & Crison, J.R. (1995). A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharmaceutical Research, 12(3).

↳ Original BCS classification paper establishing Classes I–IV.

Costa, P., & Sousa Lobo, J.M. (2001). Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(2).

↳ Weibull, zero-order, and first-order release model equations and comparison.

Shargel, L., Wu-Pong, S., & Yu, A.B.C. (2012). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ Noyes-Whitney derivation, particle size effects, BCS and formulation strategy.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Guidance for Industry: Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System.

↳ BCS biowaiver 85%/30 min criterion, pH media requirements for testing.

Lipinski, C.A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B.W., & Feeney, P.J. (1997). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 23(1–3).

↳ Original Rule of Five paper: MW ≤500, logP ≤5, HBD ≤5, HBA ≤10.

Veber, D.F., Johnson, S.R., Cheng, H.Y., et al. (2002). Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 45(12).

↳ Veber rules: ≤10 rotatable bonds, TPSA ≤140 Ų for oral bioavailability.

Leeson, P.D., & Springthorpe, B. (2007). The influence of drug-like concepts on decision-making in medicinal chemistry. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 6(11).

↳ Drug-likeness evolution beyond Rule of Five; active transport exceptions; formulation strategies.

Cockcroft, D.W., & Gault, M.H. (1976). Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron, 16(1).

↳ Original Cockcroft-Gault equation for creatinine clearance estimation used for renal adjustment.

Pugh, R.N.H., Murray-Lyon, I.M., Dawson, J.L., et al. (1973). Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. British Journal of Surgery, 60(8).

↳ Original Child-Pugh score; scoring system for hepatic impairment used for hepatic adjustment.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ Dose adjustment equations for renal and hepatic impairment; CLH, extraction ratio concepts.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Guidance for Industry: Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Renal Function — Study Design, Data Analysis, and Impact on Dosing and Labeling.

↳ FDA guidance on renal dose adjustment methodology; fe-based recommendations.

Gabrielsson, J., & Weiner, D. (2016). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data Analysis: Concepts and Applications (5th ed.). Swedish Pharmaceutical Press.

↳ NCA methodology: linear-log trapezoidal AUC, λz regression, Cmax/Tmax, CL/F, Vz/F.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ AUC trapezoidal rule, terminal half-life determination, NCA parameter definitions.

Gibaldi, M., & Perrier, D. (1982). Pharmacokinetics (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker.

↳ Statistical moment theory, MRT, AUMCinf calculation.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2003). Guidance for Industry: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Orally Administered Drug Products — General Considerations.

↳ NCA parameters required for bioequivalence submission: AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Cmax, Tmax.

Schuirmann, D.J. (1987). A comparison of the Two One-Sided Tests Procedure and the Power Approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6).

↳ Original TOST paper: two one-sided t-tests for bioequivalence, α = 0.05, 90% CI.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2003). Guidance for Industry: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Orally Administered Drug Products — General Considerations.

↳ 80–125% acceptance criterion for Cmax and AUC, log-transformed analysis.

European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2010). Guideline on the Investigation of Bioequivalence. EMA/CPMP/EWP/QWP/1401/98 Rev. 1.

↳ EMA acceptance criteria, 90% CI methodology, BCS biowaiver conditions.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ All 1-compartment linear equations, Vd/CL/ke relationships, oral dosing with first-pass.

Gabrielsson, J., & Weiner, D. (2016). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data Analysis: Concepts and Applications (5th ed.). Swedish Pharmaceutical Press.

↳ 2-compartment model parameterisation (Vc/Vp/CL/Q), RK4 ODE approach, population PK.

Michaelis, L., & Menten, M.L. (1913). Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 49.

↳ Original Michaelis-Menten equation used for non-linear clearance (Vmax/Km model).

Sheiner, L.B., & Ludden, T.M. (1992). Population pharmacokinetics/dynamics. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 32.

↳ Log-normal IIV distribution, CV% parameterisation for population PK simulation.

Otsu, N. (1979). A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9(1).

↳ Otsu's method for automatic optimal threshold selection — used in auto-detect mode.

Rosenfeld, A., & Pfaltz, J.L. (1966). Sequential operations in digital picture processing. Journal of the ACM, 13(4).

↳ Connected component labelling algorithm used to identify and count individual colony blobs.

Stahl, E. (Ed.). (1969). Thin Layer Chromatography: A Laboratory Handbook (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.

↳ Rf definition, baseline and solvent front measurement methodology, plate documentation standards.

Reich, E., & Schibli, A. (2006). High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography for the Analysis of Medicinal Plants. Thieme.

↳ TLC documentation and Rf calculation for pharmaceutical applications.

Stockley, I.H. (Ed.). (2023). Stockley's Drug Interactions (13th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.

↳ Primary reference for interaction mechanisms, severity classifications, and CYP enzyme pathways.

Flockhart, D.A. (2007). Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine.

↳ CYP450 enzyme inhibitor/inducer interaction data.

Rowland, M., & Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

↳ Primary textbook for all PK/PD formulas and worked examples.

Shargel, L., Wu-Pong, S., & Yu, A.B.C. (2012). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

↳ Bioavailability, NCA methods, clinical PK calculations.

Gibaldi, M., & Perrier, D. (1982). Pharmacokinetics (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker.

↳ Multi-compartment model mathematics, moment analysis.

Laemmli, U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227(5259), 680–685.

↳ SDS-PAGE methodology establishing the linear log(MW) vs migration distance relationship that underpins all gel MW estimation.

Sambrook, J., & Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

↳ Practical gel electrophoresis protocols, Rf calculation method, ladder selection, and MW estimation from standard curves.

Thermo Fisher Scientific. (2024). PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder — Product Manual. thermofisher.com

↳ Band sizes and migration characteristics for PageRuler 10–200 kDa and 3.5–500 kDa ladders used as presets.

New England Biolabs. (2024). Quick-Load DNA Ladder — Product Information. neb.com

↳ Band sizes for GeneRuler 1kb and 100bp DNA ladders used as presets.

Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1–2), 248–254.

↳ Original Bradford assay paper. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 binding to protein, A595, BSA standard curve linear range ~0.1–1.4 mg/mL.

Smith, P.K., Krohn, R.I., Hermanson, G.T., et al. (1985). Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analytical Biochemistry, 150(1), 76–85.

↳ Original BCA assay paper. Cu²⁺ reduction and bicinchoninic acid reaction, A562, linear range 20–2000 μg/mL.

Pace, C.N., Vajdos, F., Fee, L., Grimsley, G., & Gray, T. (1995). How to measure and predict the molar absorption coefficient of a protein. Protein Science, 4(11), 2411–2423.

↳ Pace method for ε₂₈₀ calculation: ε = 5500×nTrp + 1490×nTyr + 125×nCys(SS). The standard reference for extinction coefficient prediction from sequence.

Bjellqvist, B., Hughes, G.J., Pasquali, C., et al. (1993). The focusing positions of polypeptides in immobilised pH gradients can be predicted from their amino acid sequences. Electrophoresis, 14(1), 1023–1031.

↳ pKa values and method for pI calculation used in the sequence analyser. Henderson-Hasselbalch bisection approach.

Gasteiger, E., Hoogland, C., Gattiker, A., et al. (2005). Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In J.M. Walker (Ed.), The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Humana Press.

↳ ExPASy ProtParam tool methodology — validation reference for MW, pI, and ε₂₈₀ computations implemented here.

Beer, A. (1852). Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 162(5), 78–88.

↳ Original Beer-Lambert law: A = ε × c × l. The foundation of all absorbance-based quantification.

Sambrook, J., & Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

↳ A260/A280 purity ratios for nucleic acids: 1.8 for pure dsDNA, 2.0 for pure RNA. Contamination interpretation guidelines.

Wilfinger, W.W., Mackey, K., & Chomczynski, P. (1997). Effect of pH and ionic strength on the spectrophotometric assessment of nucleic acid purity. BioTechniques, 22(3), 474–481.

↳ A260/A230 ratio for assessing phenol/guanidinium contamination after TRIzol and column extractions. Pure samples: A260/A230 ≥ 2.0.

Thermo Fisher Scientific. (2020). NanoDrop Spectrophotometer Technical Guide. thermofisher.com

↳ Nucleic acid concentration factors: 50 μg/mL per A260 for dsDNA, 40 μg/mL for RNA, 33 μg/mL for ssDNA. Standard reference for the conversion factors used here.